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报告编号：	15
作者编号：	40
上传时间：	2024/9/13 10:02:47
中文题目：	危机情境下信息公开受众的日常信息实践研究
英文题目：	Research on the everyday information practice of information disclosure audiences in crisis context
合作老师：	李月琳
中文关键字：	日常信息实践；信息公开；公众；质性研究；话语分析；元民族志
英文关键字：	everyday information practice, information disclosure, public, qualitative research, discourse analysis, meta-ethnography
中文摘要：	信息公开是危机情境下政府治理的重要保障。日常信息实践是人们用来寻找信息、解决问题和充分生活的生活实践,信息公开的意义建构与质量感知是危机情境下公众日常信息实践的具体体现。然而，危机情境所带来的不确定性使得公众的日常信息实践发生了新的变化，面对时间紧迫的事件、日常活动的脱离以及不断变化的风险，公众试图寻求、共享和使用信息来理解和提出对威胁的知情反应。尽管信息在日常生活和工作中扮演着至关重要的角色，但在危机情境下，信息所起的具体作用却鲜少得到深入的探讨。同样，关于信息公开质量感知的研究，尽管已有一些探讨，但公众视角下的“信息公开质量”究竟包含哪些要素，其背后的构建逻辑是什么，以及公众对于信息公开的深层次诉求是什么，这些问题仍然没有得到充分的解答。最后，在危机情境下公众的日常信息实践研究方面，虽然已有研究开始关注用户在危机情境下的特定信息实践，如信息搜寻、信息共享和信息规避等，但这些研究往往局限于这些具体行为的描述和分析，缺乏从整体性的视角来审视用户在危机情境下如何通过信息来认知和理解当前情境。有鉴于此，本研究针对信息公开受众进行相应的调研，探究这一群体在危机情境下的日常信息实践现状与问题。 本研究从实践理论、风险文化理论和意义建构理论出发，结合危机情境下信息公开受众的日常信息实践特征，作为本研究的理论框架，研究主要分为三个分析阶段。首先，第一阶段研究从公众的日常信息实践出发，试图回答在危机情境下的信息公开受众如何搜寻和使用信息这一研究问题。研究以意义建构理论为框架，以疫苗犹豫为例，采用微刻时序访谈法对26名政府信息公开受众进行访谈，采用质性数据分析方法分析数据，探究公众从疫苗犹豫到接受的认知演变过程，揭示其意义建构模式，并探究信息搜寻在这一过程中扮演的角色。其次，第二阶段研究以前一个研究结果为样本，从公众日常信息实践中的话语实践出发，试图回答公众的信息公开质量感知具有怎样的建构过程这一研究问题。研究聚焦信息公开过程中政府话语与公众话语的特征及其生成机制，采取案例研究的方法揭示公众信息公开质量感知的构建逻辑。以疫苗政策为关键词，采取语料库+话语分析的多元研究方法，对收集的271份新闻发布会文字实录及119份访谈材料进行分析。研究在一定程度上为目前的政府信息公开质量研究提供了新的理论视角,突出了政府信息公开过程中公众作为感知主体的主体性及能动性，有助于政府适度调整信息公开话语导向,使其匹配公众的信息公开诉求。最后，在前两项研究的基础上，第三阶段研究采取元民族志的方法，综合基于上述两章的案例研究与危机情境公众日常信息实践的相关研究，通过对有代表性的突发事件情境下的公众日常信息实践的经验研究进行综合集成，探究危机情境下信息公开受众的日常信息实践特征与模式，抽取理论要素，形成更具解释力的模型。 本研究具有以下结论：（1）信息公开受众针对疫苗信息开展的日常信息实践主要表现为疫苗认知演变，公众的疫苗认知演变的过程具有四个阶段，分为恐惧与排斥、好奇与观望、学习与接受以及信任与接纳四个阶段，各阶段均有其不同特征。（2）风险认知、认知偏差、负面经历、生活变化、信息过载以及知识缺失是公众疫苗认知过程中遇到的主要障碍。意义建构过程中，用户需要通过信息搜寻来弥补其认知鸿沟,信息的搜寻特征如信息搜寻渠道、信息类型同样影响着公众的意义建构过程。（3）公众意义建构过程中展现出来了信息差序格局，在信息的获取与利用层面，公众以己为中心借助自身知识结构对获取的相关信息进行选择性评估。（4）话语层面，政府话语与公众话语在构建疫苗的认知上存在差异。政府话语主要涵盖了医学、公共卫生、科学和政治话语，形成了具象化的叙事框架，而公众话语则着重关注保护自己和恢复正常生活两类叙事线索。（5）公众的话语实践形成了公众信息公开质量感知的不同路径。政府话语中的具象化叙事框架与公众话语中的保护自己和恢复正常生活的双重诉求存在着融合与分离，并通过话语实践演化为公众不同的应对策略和身体叙事，最终形成了公众对于信息公开质量感知的不同路径。（6）信息公开受众在不同的危机情境下的日常信息实践特征表现为以“风险”为核心的危机情境下的用户认知变迁。风险并非是一种客观的危险存在，而是一种由个人、集体和意义维度共同作用而产生出的建构。处于危机情境下的用户通过这三个维度来理解风险并依此构成了用户的日常信息实践。本研究总结出公众认知变迁轨迹，并将其划分为初始期、调适期和维持期三个不同的阶段。三个阶段用户认知的变迁体现了用户对“风险”的认知变迁并基于此产生了以“保护”为核心的个体与群体的调适方式。（7）信息公开受众在不同的危机情境下的日常信息实践模式表现为以“保护”为核心的个人与集体调适方式。危机事件来临，用户以“保护”为核心采取不同的调适方式，其实质是个体社会成员在面对风险知识所产生的一系列能动反映。集体调适方式是个人调适方式的累积与扩散，在政府与公众在“风险”认知上的趋同与分化体现得更为明显。研究表明，在危机情境中获取权威信息（如政府公开信息）并非是他们日常信息实践的最终目标，对权威信息采取批判立场，产生正确、全面和多维的“厚知识”来保护自身才是用户的最终诉求。 综上所述，本研究揭示了危机情境下政府公开信息在公众弥合认知差距的过程中起到的作用，探究了公众信息公开质量感知的建构机制并对危机情境下信息公开受众的日常信息实践模式进行综合集成。本研究不仅有助于揭示危机情境下政府信息公开受众的日常信息实践特征和感知建构方式，还为政府开展有效信息治理提供了重要的理论依据和实践参考。
英文摘要：	Information disclosure is an important guarantee for government governance in crisis context. Under such contexts, high-quality information disclosure can help the public understand the problems the government is trying to solve and the options being considered, thereby enabling the public to participate in and promote the formulation of sound public policies. Everyday information practice is the life practice that people use to find information, solve problems and live fully, and the perception of information disclosure quality is the concrete embodiment of the public's everyday information practice in crisis contexts. Sense making and quality perception of information disclosure are the concrete embodiment of the everyday information practice of the public in crisis contexts.The uncertainty brought by crisis context has led to new changes in the public's everyday information practices. Facing time-sensitive events, detachment from daily activities, and constantly changing risks, the public tries to seek, share, and use information to understand and formulate informed responses to threats. Although information plays a vital role in everyday life and work, the specific role of information in crisis contexts has rarely been explored in depth. Similarly, although there have been some discussions on the research on the perception of the quality of information disclosure, these questions still have not been fully answered as to what elements "the quality of information disclosure" from the perspective of the public includes, what is the construction logic behind it, and what are the deep-seated demands of the public for information disclosure. Finally, in terms of the research on the everyday information practices of the public in crisis contexts, although existing studies have begun to focus on users' specific information practices in crisis situations, such as information search, information sharing and information avoidance, these studies are often limited to the description and analysis of these specific behaviors. The lack of a holistic perspective to examine how users perceive and understand the current context through information in a crisis situation. In view of this, this study conducted a corresponding survey on the audience of information disclosure to explore the status quo and problems of their everyday information practice under the crisis context. Starting from the practical theory, risk culture theory and sense making theory, this study combines the daily information practice characteristics of the information disclosure audience under the crisis situation as the theoretical framework of this study, which is mainly divided into three stages of analysis: First of all, the first stage study starts from the everyday information practice of the public, trying to answer the research question of how the information disclosure audience searches and uses information in the crisis context. With the framework of sense making theory and vaccine hesitance as an example, this study interviewed 26 people who were exposed to government information by using micro time ling interview method, and analyzed the data by qualitative data analysis method to explore the cognitive evolution process of the public from vaccine hesitance to acceptance, reveal the mode of sense making, and explore the role of information search in this process. Secondly, the second stage studies tries to answer the research question of how the public's perception of the quality of information disclosure is constructed based on the discourse practice of the public's everyday information practice. The research focuses on the characteristics and generation mechanism of government discourse and public discourse in the process of information disclosure, and adopts the method of case study to reveal the construction logic of public information disclosure quality perception. With vaccine policy as the key word, 271 press conference transcripts and 119 interview materials were analyzed by using the multivariate research method of corpus and discourse analysis. To a certain extent, this study provides a new theoretical perspective for the current research on the quality of government information disclosure, highlights the subjectivity and initiative of the public as the perceiving subject in the process of government information disclosure, and helps the government to appropriately adjust the discourse orientation of information disclosure and make it match the public's demands for information disclosure. Finally, on the basis of the first two studies, the third stage adopts the meta-ethnographic method, synthesizes the case studies based on the above two chapters and the relevant research on the everyday information practice of the public in crisis contexts, and integrates the empirical research on the everyday information practice of the public in representative chris contexts. This study explores the characteristics and patterns of daily information practice of information disclosure audiences in crisis contexts, extracts theoretical elements, and forms a more explanatory model. This study has the following conclusions: (1) The daily information practice carried out by the information disclosure audience in response to vaccine information is mainly manifested in the evolution of vaccine cognition. The evolution process of public vaccine cognition has four stages, including fear and rejection, curiosity and wait-and-see, learning and acceptance, and trust and adopt, and each stage has its different characteristics. (2) Risk perception, cognitive bias, negative experiences, life changes, information overload and lack of knowledge are the main obstacles encountered by the public in the process of vaccine cognition. In the process of sense making, users need to bridge their cognitive gap through information search. Information search characteristics, such as information search channels and information types, also affect the process of public meaning construction. (3) The process of public meaning construction shows the pattern of information difference. At the level of information acquisition and utilization, the public selectively evaluates the relevant information obtained by virtue of their own knowledge structure. (4) At the discourse level, there are differences between government discourse and public discourse in the cognition of vaccine construction. Government discourse mainly covers medical, public health, science and political discourse, forming a concrete narrative framework, while public discourse focuses on two kinds of narrative clues: protecting oneself and restoring normal life. (5) The public's discourse practice forms different paths for the public's perception of the quality of information disclosure. The concrete narrative framework in government discourse and the dual demands of protecting oneself and restoring normal life in public discourse are integrated and separated, and through discourse practice, they evolve into different coping strategies and body narratives for the public, and finally form different ways for the public to perceive the quality of information disclosure. (6) The characteristics of everyday information practice of information disclosure audiences in different crisis contexts are manifested as the cognitive changes of users in crisis contexts with "risk" as the core. Risk is not an objective danger, but a construction produced by the interaction of individual, collective and meaning dimensions. Users in crisis contexts understand risks through these three dimensions and thus constitute their everyday information practice. This study summarizes the trajectory of public cognition change and divides it into three different stages: initial stage, adjustment stage and maintenance stage. The change of user cognition in the three stages reflects the change of user cognition of "risk" and based on this, the adjustment mode of individual and group with "protection" as the core is generated. (7) The everyday information practice mode of the information disclosure audience in different crisis contexts is manifested as an individual and collective adjustment mode with "protection" as the core. When crisis events come, users take different debugging methods with "protection" as the core, which is essentially a series of active reflections of individual social members in the face of risk knowledge. The collective adjustment mode is the accumulation and diffusion of individual adjustment mode, which is more obvious in the convergence and differentiation of "risk" cognition between the government and the public. Research shows that obtaining authoritative information (such as government public information) in crisis contexts is not the ultimate goal of their everyday information practice, but the ultimate demand of users is to take a critical stance on authoritative information and generate correct, comprehensive and multidimensional "thick knowledge" to protect themselves. To sum up, this study reveals the role of government disclosure information in the process of public bridging the cognitive gap in crisis contexts, explores the construction mechanism of public perception of the quality of information disclosure, and comprehensively integrates the everyday information practice mode of information disclosure audiences in crisis contexts. This study not only helps to reveal the everyday information practice characteristics and perceptual construction modes of government information disclosure audiences under crisis contexts, but also provides an important theoretical basis and practical reference for the government to carry out effective information governance.
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